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Nanotechnology
1. Nanotechnology is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale.
2. Molecular nanotechnology describes engineered nanosystems operating on the molecular scale. Molecular nanotechnology is especially associated with the molecular assembler, a machine that can produce a desired structure or device atom-by-atom using the principles of mechanosynthesis.
3. In general it is very difficult to assemble devices on the atomic scale, as all one has to position atoms are other atoms of comparable size and stickiness. Another view, put forth by Carlo Montemagno, is that future nanosystems will be hybrids of silicon technology and biological molecular machines. Yet another view, put forward by the late Richard Smalley, is that mechanosynthesis is impossible due to the difficulties in mechanically manipulating individual molecules.
4. There has been much debate on the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics and energy production.
On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as with any introduction of new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios.
(Encyclopedia Wikipedia)
Nanotechnology
1. Nanotechnology is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from extensions of conventional device physics to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, from developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to investigating whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale.
2. Molecular nanotechnology describes engineered nanosystems operating on the molecular scale. Molecular nanotechnology is especially associated with the molecular assembler, a machine that can produce a desired structure or device atom-by-atom using the principles of mechanosynthesis.
3. In general it is very difficult to assemble devices on the atomic scale, as all one has to position atoms are other atoms of comparable size and stickiness. Another view, put forth by Carlo Montemagno, is that future nanosystems will be hybrids of silicon technology and biological molecular machines. Yet another view, put forward by the late Richard Smalley, is that mechanosynthesis is impossible due to the difficulties in mechanically manipulating individual molecules.
4. There has been much debate on the future implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics and energy production.
On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as with any introduction of new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios.
(Encyclopedia Wikipedia)
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How is it possible to produce a desired structure or device on an atomic scale?
Употребите нужную форму вспомогательного глагола.
It is nine o’clock. The pupils _______ having a lesson.
It is nine o’clock. The pupils _______ having a lesson.
She is going to take some chocolate ________ she gets hungry.
Употребите нужную видовременную форму глагола в страдательном залоге.
John _______ by Mary.
John _______ by Mary.
«Are they good friends?». «No, they don’t like …».
Употребите нужную форму глагола.
His friend _______ already _______ two English articles into Russian.
His friend _______ already _______ two English articles into Russian.
A branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech is …
Great Britain is famous for the art of ______ dictionaries.
I shall be 22 ______ the time I finish my training and I’ll be able to work as a doctor.
Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
1_______. They are:
– Hardware
– Software
– People
– Procedures
– Data/information.
2_______. In other words, the manner in which the various individual systems are connected – for example, by phone lines, microwave transmission, or satellite – is an element of the total computer system.
Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task. 3_______. People, however, are the most important component of the computer system. 4_______.
1_______. They are:
– Hardware
– Software
– People
– Procedures
– Data/information.
2_______. In other words, the manner in which the various individual systems are connected – for example, by phone lines, microwave transmission, or satellite – is an element of the total computer system.
Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task. 3_______. People, however, are the most important component of the computer system. 4_______.
Употребите нужную форму глагола.
We were good friends, we _______ each other for years.
We were good friends, we _______ each other for years.
Their car is at the garage. It _______ now.
Дополните диалог:
Nick: Hullo, Boris!
Boris: Hullo, Nick. 1_______?
Nick: 2_______, thank you. I entered the automobile construction college.
Boris: That’s nice, what will you become after graduating from the college?
Nick: I’ll become a technician and deal with manufacturing new cars.
Boris: Why did you choose this profession?
Nick: I enjoy learning about a car. I enjoy working with metal. And most of all I enjoy being able to construct cars.
Boris: Do you enjoy this course?
Nick: 3_______.
Boris: Tell me about your profession in detail, please?
Nick: With great pleasure. As you know an automobile must be safe, have smooth acting clutch, silent gears, excellent brakes and steering system. And in order to achieve these qualities a lot of work must be done.
Boris: 4_______. I believe you like your profession very much.
Nick: Oh, yes, very much, indeed.
Nick: Hullo, Boris!
Boris: Hullo, Nick. 1_______?
Nick: 2_______, thank you. I entered the automobile construction college.
Boris: That’s nice, what will you become after graduating from the college?
Nick: I’ll become a technician and deal with manufacturing new cars.
Boris: Why did you choose this profession?
Nick: I enjoy learning about a car. I enjoy working with metal. And most of all I enjoy being able to construct cars.
Boris: Do you enjoy this course?
Nick: 3_______.
Boris: Tell me about your profession in detail, please?
Nick: With great pleasure. As you know an automobile must be safe, have smooth acting clutch, silent gears, excellent brakes and steering system. And in order to achieve these qualities a lot of work must be done.
Boris: 4_______. I believe you like your profession very much.
Nick: Oh, yes, very much, indeed.
Антонимом к слову thin является …
Заполните пропуски в инструкции следующими словами и фразами:
HOW TO CREATE A DOMAIN NAME?
1. 1_______ to either InterNIC (www.internic.com) or 2_______ such as www.register.com and 3_______ to make sure the domain you want to establish is available.
2. After confirming the availability of your domain name, complete the online registration form 4_______.
HOW TO CREATE A DOMAIN NAME?
1. 1_______ to either InterNIC (www.internic.com) or 2_______ such as www.register.com and 3_______ to make sure the domain you want to establish is available.
2. After confirming the availability of your domain name, complete the online registration form 4_______.
Употребите нужную видовременную форму глагола в косвенной речи.
You said you _______ her before that day.
You said you _______ her before that day.
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What is optic-electronic scanner used for?
The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is a hand held device connected to the computer by small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the mouse pad, the cursor moves across the screen. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user usually pushes a button on the mouse once or twice to signal a menu selection or a command to the computer.
The light pen uses a light sensitive photoelectric cell to signal screen position to the computer. Another type of input hardware is optic-electronic scanner that is used to input graphics as well as typeset characters. Microphone and video camera can be also used to input data into the computer. Electronic cameras are becoming very popular among the consumers for their relatively low price and convenience.
What is optic-electronic scanner used for?
The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is a hand held device connected to the computer by small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the mouse pad, the cursor moves across the screen. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user usually pushes a button on the mouse once or twice to signal a menu selection or a command to the computer.
The light pen uses a light sensitive photoelectric cell to signal screen position to the computer. Another type of input hardware is optic-electronic scanner that is used to input graphics as well as typeset characters. Microphone and video camera can be also used to input data into the computer. Electronic cameras are becoming very popular among the consumers for their relatively low price and convenience.
Can you turn off the light _______ you go out, please?
I advise you to visit my …
Measurement of ______ was originally based on how much a man could lift.
Books _______ for centuries to preserve and distribute information.
Food which is served in Mc Donald’s is called …
To tell________truth, I didn’t expect to see him.
They ________ go to the theatre together because Nelly had agreed to baby-sit for them.
Употребите глагол в нужном времени.
If Susan _______ to school yesterday, she would have seen us.
If Susan _______ to school yesterday, she would have seen us.
The staff of our hospital includes qualified …
Выберите реплику, наиболее соответствующую ситуации общения.
Student: «Can I have a look at your notes?»
Student: «___________».
Student: «Can I have a look at your notes?»
Student: «___________».
Choose an author ________ you choose a friend.
Употребите нужную форму глагола.
He _______ for Moscow by yesterday night.
He _______ for Moscow by yesterday night.
Употребите нужную форму глагола.
He _______ when his friend called.
He _______ when his friend called.
Употребите нужную видовременную форму глагола в косвенной речи.
Helen wanted to know if Peter _______ already seen that film.
Helen wanted to know if Peter _______ already seen that film.
A famous American writer of wit short stories with clever twist endings is …
Выберите реплику, наиболее соответствующую ситуации общения.
Director General: «The results of your department are not so good as it was expected».
Manager: «_______________».
Director General: «The results of your department are not so good as it was expected».
Manager: «_______________».
The electrons of an atom are bound to the nucleus by the ______ force.
Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
Oh, I love novels, especially if they have a good plot. I started reading them when I was 12. As it happened, reading so much at an early age had an effect on my studies: my compositions were very good! And I still read at least one novel a week. My own life isn’t terribly exciting. Apart from my work, which is very interesting, nothing special happens. In the novels I read there are always lots of thrilling events, and I can share in the joys and sorrows of the characters.
Oh, I love novels, especially if they have a good plot. I started reading them when I was 12. As it happened, reading so much at an early age had an effect on my studies: my compositions were very good! And I still read at least one novel a week. My own life isn’t terribly exciting. Apart from my work, which is very interesting, nothing special happens. In the novels I read there are always lots of thrilling events, and I can share in the joys and sorrows of the characters.
He is clever enough _______ the crossword.
Doing sports can really __________ your muscles.
Прочитайте текст.
Is it a myth or is it true that the English drink tea all the time? The English very seldom drink milk with their meals as in many other countries. Some Frenchmen drink water or squash, others may drink beer or wine on special occasions. Some families have tea with their dinner. If you are not given anything to drink and you find it difficult to have a meal without a drink, you can get yourself a glass of water from the jar. You just say: “May I get myself a glass of water, please?”
Закончите предложение:
Some Frenchmen drink …
Is it a myth or is it true that the English drink tea all the time? The English very seldom drink milk with their meals as in many other countries. Some Frenchmen drink water or squash, others may drink beer or wine on special occasions. Some families have tea with their dinner. If you are not given anything to drink and you find it difficult to have a meal without a drink, you can get yourself a glass of water from the jar. You just say: “May I get myself a glass of water, please?”
Закончите предложение:
Some Frenchmen drink …
A Scottish biologist and pharmacologist whose best-known achievement is the discovery of the antibiotic substance penicillin in 1928 is …
Употребите нужную видовременную форму глагола в страдательном залоге.
John _______ by Mary in two days.
John _______ by Mary in two days.
Выберите реплику, наиболее соответствующую ситуации общения.
Wife: «Could you do some shopping?»
Husband: «_______________».
Wife: «Could you do some shopping?»
Husband: «_______________».
Прочитайте текст.
In Britain the most popular form of transport is the car. People use it everyday to get to work, go to the supermarket and take the children to and from school.
However, in a busy city centre, where there are not many parking spaces, people prefer to use public transport such as taxis, buses and trains. In London the Underground is the fastest and most convenient way of getting around.
In the countryside things are not quite the same. People travel by car everywhere as buses and trains are not very frequent.
Закончите предложение:
People prefer to use public transport in a busy city centre because …
In Britain the most popular form of transport is the car. People use it everyday to get to work, go to the supermarket and take the children to and from school.
However, in a busy city centre, where there are not many parking spaces, people prefer to use public transport such as taxis, buses and trains. In London the Underground is the fastest and most convenient way of getting around.
In the countryside things are not quite the same. People travel by car everywhere as buses and trains are not very frequent.
Закончите предложение:
People prefer to use public transport in a busy city centre because …
John _________ take a taxi because he was late.
Антонимом к слову criminal является …
Выберите слова или словосочетания для заполнения пропусков так, чтобы они отражали особенности оформления служебной записки:
Формой притяжательного падежа подчеркнутого имени существительного the student – notebook является …
If you leave the flat unlocked, you risk …
A converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an (today mostly electronic) instrument is a …
Дополните диалог:
Alice: What will you do at your laboratory class tomorrow?
Dima: I expect I will do 1_______ with new substances. 2_______?
Alice: I think I’ll study 3_______.
Dima: Are you interested in computer systems?
Alice: Yes, I am.
Dima: Will you explain some computer concepts to me then?
Alice: 4_______!
Alice: What will you do at your laboratory class tomorrow?
Dima: I expect I will do 1_______ with new substances. 2_______?
Alice: I think I’ll study 3_______.
Dima: Are you interested in computer systems?
Alice: Yes, I am.
Dima: Will you explain some computer concepts to me then?
Alice: 4_______!
Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.
Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
Dinner time is generally between six and eight p.m. The evening meal is the biggest and the main meal of the day. Very often the whole family eats 1_______. They begin with 2_______, followed by fish, roast chicken, potatoes and vegetables, fruit and coffee.
On Sundays many families have 3_______ lunch consisting of roast chicken, lamb or beef with salads, vegetables and gravy.
The British enjoy tasting delicious food from other countries, for example, French, Italian and Chinese food. Modern people are so busy that they do not have a lot of time for cooking 4_______. So, the British buy the food at the restaurant and bring it home already prepared to eat.
Dinner time is generally between six and eight p.m. The evening meal is the biggest and the main meal of the day. Very often the whole family eats 1_______. They begin with 2_______, followed by fish, roast chicken, potatoes and vegetables, fruit and coffee.
On Sundays many families have 3_______ lunch consisting of roast chicken, lamb or beef with salads, vegetables and gravy.
The British enjoy tasting delicious food from other countries, for example, French, Italian and Chinese food. Modern people are so busy that they do not have a lot of time for cooking 4_______. So, the British buy the food at the restaurant and bring it home already prepared to eat.
Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
A computer is an electronic machine that processes information – in other words, an information processor: it takes in raw information (or data) at one end, stores it until it’s ready to work on it, chews and crunches it for a bit, then spits out the results at the other end. 1_______. Taking in information is called input, storing information is better known as memory, chewing information is also known as processing, and spitting out results is called output.
Your keyboard and mouse, for example, are just input units – ways of getting information into your computer that it can process. 2_______. Your computer probably stores all your documents and files on a hard-drive: a huge magnetic memory. But smaller, computer-based devices like digital cameras and cellphones use other kinds of storage such as flash memory cards. As for output, your computer almost certainly has a screen and probably also stereo loudspeakers. 3_______. Your computer’s processor (sometimes known as the central processing unit) is a microchip buried deep inside. 4_______. That’s why your computer has a little fan blowing away – to stop its brain from overheating!
A computer is an electronic machine that processes information – in other words, an information processor: it takes in raw information (or data) at one end, stores it until it’s ready to work on it, chews and crunches it for a bit, then spits out the results at the other end. 1_______. Taking in information is called input, storing information is better known as memory, chewing information is also known as processing, and spitting out results is called output.
Your keyboard and mouse, for example, are just input units – ways of getting information into your computer that it can process. 2_______. Your computer probably stores all your documents and files on a hard-drive: a huge magnetic memory. But smaller, computer-based devices like digital cameras and cellphones use other kinds of storage such as flash memory cards. As for output, your computer almost certainly has a screen and probably also stereo loudspeakers. 3_______. Your computer’s processor (sometimes known as the central processing unit) is a microchip buried deep inside. 4_______. That’s why your computer has a little fan blowing away – to stop its brain from overheating!
The difference between the buying and selling price of goods is …
Выберите реплику, наиболее соответствующую ситуации общения
Mother: «Could you do some shopping for me?»
Mary: «_______________»
Mother: «Could you do some shopping for me?»
Mary: «_______________»
If you are interested in applying for the job, your ________ must be received by Friday.
Заполните пропуски в письме следующими фразами и предложениями:
1_______,
Thank you very much for your 2_______, which will be processed immediately. We estimate that 3_______ will take place in the middle of June. We will notify you of the exact date 4_______.
Yours sincerely,
F. Fuchs
1_______,
Thank you very much for your 2_______, which will be processed immediately. We estimate that 3_______ will take place in the middle of June. We will notify you of the exact date 4_______.
Yours sincerely,
F. Fuchs
Veronica seems _________ since she moved schools.
Расположите пропущенные предложения в таком порядке, чтобы получился связный текст.
Charles Dickens is one of the greatest novelists in the English literature. 1_______. Charles Dickens was born in London in 1812. His father was a clerk and had eight children. His father always spent more money than he received. When Charles was 10 years old, his family was put into prison for his father's debts. 2_______. He worked at the blacking factory ten hours a day. Charles hated it and never forgot the experience. He used it in many novels, especially in «David Copperfield» and «Oliver Twist».
At the age of 15 he was lucky to get a job in a London lawyer's office though he didn't like this job. When he was 16, he started to work for a newspaper. 3_______. «The Pickwick Papers» was his first great work which made him popular. His books became very popular in many countries, and he spent much time abroad. 4_______. These meetings were very successful.
He never stopped writing and travelling, and he died very suddenly in 1870.
Charles Dickens is one of the greatest novelists in the English literature. 1_______. Charles Dickens was born in London in 1812. His father was a clerk and had eight children. His father always spent more money than he received. When Charles was 10 years old, his family was put into prison for his father's debts. 2_______. He worked at the blacking factory ten hours a day. Charles hated it and never forgot the experience. He used it in many novels, especially in «David Copperfield» and «Oliver Twist».
At the age of 15 he was lucky to get a job in a London lawyer's office though he didn't like this job. When he was 16, he started to work for a newspaper. 3_______. «The Pickwick Papers» was his first great work which made him popular. His books became very popular in many countries, and he spent much time abroad. 4_______. These meetings were very successful.
He never stopped writing and travelling, and he died very suddenly in 1870.
Прочитайте текст и определите, какой из заголовков соответствует тексту.
The traditional British breakfast is bacon, eggs or sausages, preceded by fruit and followed by toasts. Britons may eat this breakfast at weekends or on special occasions but prefer a smaller and healthier meal to start a day. Lunch is a light meal and is eaten at school or work. Lunch takes 30–40 minutes. Dinner is usually the main meal of the day and consists of two courses – meat or fish with vegetables and dessert or pudding. In recent years, foreign foods have become a regular part of the British diet. Indian and Chinese dishes are particularly popular for evening meals. Take-aways became extremely popular in 1980’s. The traditional British take-away is fish and chips eaten with salt and vinegar and served in an old newspaper.
The traditional British breakfast is bacon, eggs or sausages, preceded by fruit and followed by toasts. Britons may eat this breakfast at weekends or on special occasions but prefer a smaller and healthier meal to start a day. Lunch is a light meal and is eaten at school or work. Lunch takes 30–40 minutes. Dinner is usually the main meal of the day and consists of two courses – meat or fish with vegetables and dessert or pudding. In recent years, foreign foods have become a regular part of the British diet. Indian and Chinese dishes are particularly popular for evening meals. Take-aways became extremely popular in 1980’s. The traditional British take-away is fish and chips eaten with salt and vinegar and served in an old newspaper.
If he _______ for London by train, he will get there on Wednesday.
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